由CO₂过量排放引发的环境问题日趋严重，在“碳达峰”“碳中和”战略目标驱动下，全球“碳减排”市场需求呈现爆发式增长。实现碳资源循环利用，亟须工业化大规模的“负碳”技术。尽管当前CO₂捕集技术已逐步商业化，但CO₂利用技术仍处于研究与示范阶段。由于CO₂化学性质稳定、活化难度大，而逆水煤气变换反应(RWGS)能够将CO₂转化为CO，进而合成高附加值化学品，为CO₂资源化利用开辟了可行路径。系统梳理了RWGS技术的应用研究进展，阐述了其热力学特性与反应机理，重点讨论了负载型金属催化剂、混合氧化物催化剂以及碳化物催化剂等各类催化剂对反应活性、选择性及稳定性的影响，深入分析该技术在甲醇合成、氢甲酰化工艺、天然气转化和电子燃料生产等场景的应用潜力，并对该技术面临的挑战与未来发展趋势进行了展望，以期为该技术的进一步优化及规模化应用提供参考。
关键词: 二氧化碳 / 逆变换反应 / 一氧化碳 / 催化剂 / 双碳
Abstract:
Environmental challenges stemming from excessive CO₂ emissions are intensifying. Driven by strategic objectives of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, global demand for carbon reduction solutions is experiencing explosive growth, industrial-scale negative carbon technologies are urgently needed for circular utilisation of carbon resources. While CO₂ capture technologies are being industrialized, CO₂ utilisation techniques remain predominantly in research and demonstration phases. Given CO₂'s chemically stable nature and inherent activation challenges, the Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction offers a viable pathway for CO₂ resource utilisation by converting CO₂ into CO, which can be further synthesize for high-value-added chemicals. This paper systematically reviews the application research progress of RWGS technology, elucidates its thermodynamic characteristics and reaction mechanism, and focuses on the effects of various catalysts—including supported metal catalysts, mixed-oxide catalysts, and carbide catalysts on reaction activity, selectivity, and stability. The potential applications of this technology in methanol synthesis, hydroformylation processes, natural gas conversion, and electronic fuel production are thoroughly analysed. Challenges and future development trends are also explored, aiming to provide references for further optimisation and large-scale implementation of this technology.
Keywords: carbon dioxide / reverse conversion / carbon monoxide / catalyst / carbon peaking and carbon neutrality